Juvenile Justice From Both Sides of the Bench Reading
In the United States, democracy relies on maintaining a balance of power between three key branches: the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch, which is where the Supreme Court (SCOTUS) resides. Accounted experienced legal experts, the Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices who sit down on the court accept the last say when information technology comes to interpreting American laws and the Constitution.
Every bit such, the Supreme Court obviously plays a powerful role in confirming or denying legal rights and practices in the U.S., and, at times, the Court's decisions have completely altered the fabric of life in America and the course of the nation. For example, the Courtroom ruled on landmark cases such as Brownish v. Board of Education, which outlawed racial segregation in public schools, and Roe five. Wade, which legalized abortion. More than recently, the Court's ruling on Bostock v. Clayton County ensured that under Title Vii of the Ceremonious Rights Human action of 1964, LGBTQ+ workers are protected from workplace discrimination. Needless to say, the Court's rulings are as of import as ever.
Of course, like whatever part of a co-operative of government in the U.S., the Supreme Court is bailiwick to checks and balances; presidents have the power to appoint new justices when seats on the Court open, and the Senate has the power to ostend or reject those appointments. Regardless, the justices who are selected serve for a lifetime — or until they stride down — which means they wield significant power in our democracy. With this in mind, we're taking a look at the current lineup of Supreme Court justices — and how their histories with interpreting the law might shape our land in the coming years.
John G. Roberts Jr., Main Justice | September 29, 2005
President George Westward. Bush-league appointed John Glover Roberts Jr. to the Supreme Court in 2005, making him the Court's 17th Chief Justice. Born in Buffalo, New York, Chief Justice Roberts earned both his bachelor'south and law degree from Harvard University. In the lead up to his SCOTUS appointment, the Harvard grad held many respected legal roles, including Associate Counsel to President Ronald Reagan from 1982 to 1986; Principal Deputy Solicitor General for the U.S. Department of Justice from 1989 to 1993; and Appellate Judge on the Usa Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit in 2003.
In terms of his general political philosophy, Main Justice Roberts leans toward more than conservative points of view. At the same time, he strongly believes the Court just interprets laws that already be and that they aren't in the business organization of making laws. This belief has led him to oppose the wishes of the Republican party on several landmark cases, including Obergefell five. Hodges, which made same-sex marriage a constitutional right, every bit well equally National Federation of Contained Business v. Sebelius and Rex v. Burwell, which upheld the constitutionality of different aspects of the Affordable Intendance Act.
In 1991, President George H.W. Bush appointed Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Courtroom as an Associate Justice. Born only outside of Savannah, Georgia, the future SCOTUS justice attended the College of the Holy Cross before earning his law degree from Yale Law Schoolhouse. Later graduation, Thomas served as Assistant Attorney General of Missouri from 1974 to 1977; Chairman of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Committee from 1982 to 1990; and Appellate Guess on the United states Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1990 to 1991.
For the most function, Thomas is known as an "originalist" — that is, he looks at constitutional issues based on the original intentions of the founding fathers, regardless of how life may have changed during the interceding years. Interestingly, Thomas doesn't oft participate in oral arguments and, despite contempo Trump Assistants appointments, the Academy of Michigan ranked him the almost bourgeois justice on the Court by a large margin, as per the university's Martin-Quinn score organisation, a means of measuring i's ideology. Notably, Thomas authored the opinion for Kansas v. March, which upheld the constitutionality of a Kansas death penalty statute.
Stephen Grand. Breyer, Acquaintance Justice | August three, 1994
President Neb Clinton appointed Stephen Breyer to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice in 1994. The San Francisco-born justice attended Stanford University and attained a bachelor's in philosophy, before studying at Oxford University every bit a Marshall Scholar and earning an LL.B. from Harvard Constabulary School. Early in his career, Breyer gained some familiarity with SCOTUS past serving as a law clerk for Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg in 1964.
Before returning to the halls of the SCOTUS edifice, Breyer was also an Assistant Special Prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force in 1973; taught at Harvard Law Schoolhouse from 1967 to 1994; served for a decade equally an Appellate Judge for the U.s.a. Court of Appeals for the Starting time Excursion; and was appointed Chief Judge for said courtroom from 1990 to 1994. By and large, the businesslike justice is known for his moderate ideology. Like any expert philosophy major, Breyer considers both the real-globe consequences and the original intention of the writers of the Constitution when formulating an opinion. Memorably, Breyer wrote the unanimous court opinion for NLRB v. Noel Canning, which limits the recess appointment power of the president.
Samuel A. Alito Jr., Acquaintance Justice | January 31, 2006
In 2006, President George W. Bush nominated Samuel Alito Jr. as an Associate Justice on the Supreme Courtroom. Born in Trenton, New Jersey, Alito attended Princeton Academy, where he participated in the ROTC program, before setting his sights on Yale Constabulary Schoolhouse. Early in his career, Alito served as a police force clerk for Leonard Garth of the Us Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before becoming an Assistant U.S. Attorney for the Commune of New Bailiwick of jersey in 1977.
Alito rounded out his resume by working for the U.S. Department of Justice as Banana to the Solicitor Full general, Deputy Assistant Attorney Full general and U.S. Chaser for the District of New Bailiwick of jersey. Before joining the Court, he was appointed Appellate Gauge on the United States Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit in 1990. Although he reportedly evaluates subjects on a instance-past-example basis, Alito generally leans bourgeois, with his 2019 Martin-Quinn score ranking him the second-nearly conservative justice on the Court. Alito has authored numerous notable opinions, including Mitchell 5. Wisconsin, which allows claret booze tests on unconscious drivers without a warrant, and Husted five. Randolph Institute, which upheld Ohio's methods for maintaining voter registration records.
Sonia Sotomayor, Associate Justice | August 8, 2009
In August 2009, President Barack Obama appointed Sonia Sotomayor to the Supreme Court every bit the first Hispanic and Latinx Associate Justice and only the 3rd woman. Born and raised in the Bronx, she was determined to become an attorney subsequently being inspired by an episode of Perry Stonemason. After earning her bachelor's from Princeton Academy, she attended Yale Law School for her J.D. After schoolhouse, Sotomayor started her career equally an Assistant Commune Chaser in the New York County District Attorney'due south Office in 1979 and then worked as an acquaintance and partner for Pavia & Harcourt from 1984 to 1992. In 1991, President George H.W. Bush nominated her to the U.South. District Court, Southern Commune of New York, where she served from 1992 to 1998.
Just prior to her SCOTUS appointment, Sotomayor served as an Appellate Estimate on the Usa Court of Appeals for the 2d Excursion from 1998 to 2009. Based on the 2019 Martin-Quinn scores, Sotomayor is the most liberal justice on the Courtroom: She dissented from the bulk on the very showtime case she heard on the Court — Citizens United v. Federal Ballot Commission — establishing her equally a assuming, unwavering justice right off the bat. Since then, she has been a key fellow member in landmark decisions like Obergefell five. Hodges.
Elena Kagan, Associate Justice | August 7, 2010
A year afterwards Justice Sotomayor's engagement, President Barack Obama also appointed the fourth female Associate Justice to the Supreme Court. Born in New York City, Elena Kagan earned her bachelor's degree at Princeton University, studied at Oxford to achieve a Main of Philosophy and so attended Harvard Law Schoolhouse for her J.D. in 1986. Later on, Kagan began her legal career equally a clerk for Judge Abner Mikva of the U.S. Courtroom of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit from 1986 to 1987 and for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S. Supreme Court during the 1987 term.
Afterwards spending some time in private practice, she taught at the University of Chicago Constabulary School and Harvard Law School, ultimately serving as the Dean of Harvard Police School from 2003 to 2009. Before appointing her to the Court, President Obama nominated her Solicitor General of the United States. Much like Sotomayor, Kagan tends to lean liberal. She sided with the bulk in several recent landmark cases, including Rex v. Burwell, where she ruled in favor of supporting the Affordable Care Human action, and Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized same-sexual activity spousal relationship. Kagan'southward support of same-sex marrigae is notable in that it marked a shift from the position she expressed at her confirmation hearing.
Neil M. Gorsuch, Associate Justice | April 10, 2017
The commencement Associate Justice appointed to the Supreme Court by President Donald Trump, Neil Gorsuch was sworn in on April ten, 2017. Born in Denver, Colorado, Gorsuch received a bachelor's degree from Columbia University before pursuing a J.D. at Harvard Law School. Afterward, his legal career began in 1991 when he took upward a law clerk position nether Gauge David Sentelle of the U.s. Court of Appeals for the Commune of Columbia Circuit. In his first brush with SCOTUS, Gorsuch clerked for Supreme Court Justices Byron White and Anthony Kennedy from 1993 to 1995 before setting his sights elsewhere.
With a decade of individual practice under his belt, Gorsuch served every bit Primary Deputy Associate Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice for a yr from 2005 to 2006, and, at the end of that service, President George W. Bush-league appointed him to the Us Courtroom of Appeals for the Tenth Excursion. Much like Thomas, Gorsuch is a Ramble originalist, though many political writers have deemed him more libertarian than conservative, citing that he's "willing to go his own style." In his short time on the court, Gorsuch has sided with the majority on several important cases, including Hobby Lobby v. Sebelius, which involved upholding religious liberties related to the Affordable Care Act.
Brett Thousand. Kavanaugh, Acquaintance Justice | October vi, 2018
President Donald Trump appointed Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court as an Associate Justice in 2018. With allegations of sexual misconduct cropping in the wake of his nomination, Kavanaugh's engagement hearing was 1 of the most contentious in SCOTUS' history. As Americans may recall from said hearings, Kavanaugh earned both his available'south and J.D. from Yale before serving as a constabulary clerk for several prominent judges, including Judge Walter Stapleton of the U.South. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit and Justice Anthony Kennedy of the U.South. Supreme Courtroom.
Subsequently on, Kavanaugh spent time as a partner in a D.C. law firm and then served as Acquaintance Counsel and Senior Associate Counsel to President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003, which led President Bush to engage him to the The states Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Excursion in 2006. Although his time on the Court just started, Kavanaugh has already authored ii timely opinions related to the tech industry, including Apple tree v. Pepper and Manhattan Community Access Corp. v. Halleck, which adamant a public access company isn't subject area to the First Amendment. Although many experts feared a far right shift in the Courtroom due to Kavanaugh'due south appointment, his 2019 Martin-Quinn score placed him in the conservative range past a slim margin.
Amy Coney Barrett, Associate Justice | October 27, 2020
When Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away on September xviii, 2020, approachable President Donald Trump wasted no fourth dimension in queuing upward a nominee for the empty Supreme Court seat, eventually landing on Amy Coney Barrett. A little over a calendar month later on, Barrett became the fifth adult female to serve on the Supreme Courtroom of the U.s.. Much like Kavanaugh's nomination, Barrett's drew quite a flake of controversy, though near of the criticism was leveraged against the appointment timeline rather than her qualifications.
After receiving a available'southward from Rhodes College, Barrett attended Notre Matriarch Law Schoolhouse, where she would become on to work as a law school professor for many years. Apart from her academic path, she has clerked for Judge Laurence Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as well as onetime SCOTUS justice Antonin Scalia, who probable helped inform Barrett's originalist opinion. Additionally, Barrett served fewer than three years on the Seventh Circuit before her nomination to the highest court in the American judicial organization. While Barrett joined her peers in dismissing President Trump'due south election challenge, some critics fear that her devout Catholicism might brand landmark rulings, like Roe v. Wade and Obergefell v. Hodges, vulnerable to change.
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Source: https://www.reference.com/world-view/get-to-know-nine-supreme-court-justices?utm_content=params%3Ao%3D740005%26ad%3DdirN%26qo%3DserpIndex
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